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Locomotive BASIC

2007-03-02T16:49:45Z

85.218.189.137: /* LOWER$ */

{{stub}}

[[Image:Screenshots-CPC_Start_screen.jpg|thumb|CPC Start Screen showing Locomotive copyright and BASIC version]]

Locomotive BASIC was a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_language BASIC] interpreter for the Amstrad CPC range of computers.

== Description ==

Locomotive BASIC, was one of the best and fastest BASIC implementations of the era. The language benefited both from a clean, well-thought out implementation of the core language by Locomotive, and by the excellent [[firmware]] of the CPC, which lent most of its advanced features to the BASIC.

Unlike the competing Commodore 64, it featured a comprehensive graphic capabilities with its PLOT, DRAW, PAPER, INK, PEN, BORDER and (in BASIC 1.1) FILL commands. It had extensive sound commands, granting control of the [[AY-3-8912]] via the firmware's volume and tone envelope system. With the SOUND command, you could select channels, set envelopes, pitch, noise and volume. That was something unmatched by other computers of that era.

Also there was simple interface for memory management, with MEMORY and LOAD commands. The latter allowed for loading of raw screen data, thus providing easy picture showing. Both through this (combined with CALL, PEEK and POKE) and the firmware's [[RSX]] system, it was easy to mix BASIC and assembly code, thereby speeding up programs by coding the slowest parts directly in machine code. Many successful programs, including games such as [[Radzone]] and applications such as [[PowerPage]], made use of this technique.

With DEF FN, ON variable GOTO and ON variable GOSUB, Locomotive BASIC provided the rudiments of "structured programming", though nowhere near the extent of the PROCedures of [[BBC BASIC]].

All in all, if you compare BASIC interpreters of that era, the Locomotive's seems to be the best 'all-rounder' regarding the combination of speed and complexity, and still some of its features were unmatched by others.

== History ==

The CPC implementation of Locomotive BASIC was developed directly from [[Locomotive Software]]'s existing Z80 BASIC. The existence of this is cited as one of the reasons Locomotive requested that [[Amstrad]] change the CPC's processor from a 6502 to a [[Z80]].

The 464 shipped with BASIC 1.0 on ROM.

The language was revised and debugged for the 664, 6128 and Plus machines to become BASIC 1.1. Changes were minor but significant for the programmer, and included:

* DEC$ bug removed (in BASIC 1.0, it required two opening brackets and was undocumented)
* Better handling of string arguments to RSXs (|DIR,"*.BAS" rather than a$="*.BAS":|DIR,@a$)
* DATA statements can appear anywhere within a line; in BASIC 1.0, they had to be at the end of a line
* FILL command (fill area with solid colour)
* COPYCHR$ function (fetch character from screen)
* Better garbage collection
* Some number-handling bugs removed (e.g. in FOR loops with negative start/end values)
* FRAME (CALL &BD19)
* Extra, optional 'plotting mode' parameter for DRAW/PLOT commands (supported only through control codes on BASIC 1.0)
* GRAPHICS PAPER, GRAPHICS PEN commands
* ON BREAK CONT (disable ESCape)
* CLEAR INPUT (flush keyboard buffer)
* The AUTO command show the whole line if it exist, it only printed a * on the 464

Some parts of 'BASIC' were actually housed in the firmware ROM, but were not officially accessible to other programs. This included the line editor.

The 'pure BASIC' parts of Locomotive BASIC - i.e. those not concerned with CPC-specific firmware and hardware features - were upgraded to become Mallard BASIC, the CP/M language shipped with the [[PCW]]. This also featured exceptionally advanced random-access file handling, a feature missing from the CPC.

== Command list ==

=== Commands and operators ===

==== AFTER I[,t] GOSUB Ln ====
: Waits for i/50 seconds and then jumps to the subruotine at line Ln.

==== AUTO [Ln, i] ====
: Automaticaly generates line numbers starting at line Ln with increment i between line numbers.
: Use [ESC to leave AUTO mode. Default value for Ln and i is 10.
: Example:

<pre>
AUTO 100,5 - generates line numbers 100, 105, 110...
</pre>

==== BORDER color ====
: Changes the color of the border.

==== CALL add[,list of parameters] ====
: Allows an externally developed subroutine to be called by BASIC
: Example:

<pre>
CALL 0 - resets the computer completely
</pre>

==== CAT ====
: Displays the names of all existing programes on the tape or disk.
: Examples:

<pre>
CAT [ENTER] - lists all disk files in alpha-numeric order
TAPE [ENTER]
CAT [ENTER] - lists names of all tape files in their storage order
</pre>

==== CHAIN "filename"[,ln]====

:Enables the specified program to be loaded and RUN automatically. If the optional parameters ln is specified, the program execution will commence from line ln.

==== CHAIN MERGE "filename"[,ln][,DELETE1 nl - 1n2]====

:Loads the specified program from tape or disk, merges it into the program in memory, and starts execution of the merged program. The parameter DELETE1n1 - 1n2 is used to delete part of the original program before running it, if required.

==== CLEAR ====
: Clears all variables from memory, leaving the program in memory unchanged. All open files are abandoned.

==== CLG [ink] ====
: Clears the graphics screen to colour specified by ink. If parameter ink is not specified them the graphics screen is cleared to the colour specified by the GRAPHICS PAPER statement.

==== CLOSEIN ====
: Closes any input file (tape or disk).

==== CLOSEOUT ====
: Closes any output file (tape or disk).

==== CLS ====
: Clears the screen. The text cursor is moved to the upper left corner.

==== CONT ====

: CONTinues program execution interrupted either by [ESC] [ESC] or as a result of STOP within a program.

==== CURSOR ====
: [...]

==== DATA x1[,x2,x3...]====
: Defines a data ''section'' to be used by <tt>READ</tt> calls.
: Data values can be of any type (integer, real or string) as long as the corresponding <tt>READ</tt> calls use a variable of the right type.

:Example:

<pre>
10 DATA "Hello, world!", 42
20 READ message$:PRINT message$
30 READ answer:PRINT "The answer is:";answer
</pre>

:''See also:'' <tt>READ</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>

==== DEF ====
: [...]

==== DEFINT letter range====

: Forces all variables(s) starting with the specified letter(s) to be string variables. The s does not need to be added to DEFSTR variable names.

: Example:

<pre>
10 DEFSTR N - sets all variables starting with letter N as strings.
</pre>

==== DEFREAL ====
: [...]

==== DEFSTR ====

: Sets the default for variable(s) with the specified first letter(s) to integer. The letter range could be an inclusive range A-Z

: Example:

<pre>
10 DEFINT F,S ..... (or 10 DEFINT A-Z)
20 FIRST=111.11:SECOND=22.2
30 PRINT FIRST,SECOND - prints 111 22
</pre>

==== DEG ====
: Switch to degrees mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).

''See also:'' <tt>RAD</tt>

==== DELETE [line] ====
: Deletes the current program completely (without argument) or only the given line.

==== DI ====
: Disables interrupts (but not[ESC]) until re-enabled by EI command or by RETURN at end of an interrupts service routine.

==== DIM v[$](i1[,i2]) ====

: Specifies storage space to be allocated for list or table v[$]. i1 is number of rows, i2 is number of columns. If a list or a table is not specified by DIM, i1 and i2 default to 10.

==== DRAW x,y [,[i1][,i2]] ====

: Draws a line from the current cursor position to position x,y. i1 specifies colour, i2 is the logical colour.

<pre>
i2 = 0 normal colour i2 = 2 AND colour
i2 = 1 XOR colour i2 = 3 OR colour
</pre>

: Example:

<pre>
CLG 2
DRAW 500,400,0 - draws a line from 0,0 to 500,400
</pre>

==== DRAWR xr, yr, [[i1][,i2]] ====

: Draws a line from current graphics cursor position to current cursor x position + xr, current cursor y position + yr. i1 and i2 as DRAW.
:Example:

<pre>
Move 200,200
DRAWR 100,100,0 - draws a line from 200,200 to 300,300
</pre>

==== EDIT line ====
: Copies one program line to screen in edition mode.

==== EI ====
: Enable interrupts which have been disabled by DI

==== END ====
: Indicates end of program

==== ENT ====
: [...]

==== ENV ====
: [...]

==== ERASE v[$(i1[,i2]) ====
: Clears the contents of an array that is no longer required.

==== ERL ====

: Returns the line number of the last error encountered.

==== ERROR i ====
: Returns the error message whose error code number is i.

==== EVERY i[,t] GOSUB ln ====

: BASIC branches to the subroutine at line ln every i/50 seconds.

==== FILL i ====
: Fills an area of a graphics screen i colour i (0-15). Default value of i is the current graphics pen colour. Only available in Basic 1.1.

==== FN ====
: [...]

==== FOR TO STEP NEXT ====
: [...]

==== FRAME ====
: Smooths character and graphics movement and reduces flicker (waits for a VSYNC signal). Only available in Basic 1.1. On a CPC 464 you can use CALL &BD19 instead.

==== GOSUB i ====

: Jumps to subroutine which is given as argument.
: ''Example:''

<pre>
10 PRINT "Calling subroutine"
20 GOSUB 100
30 PRINT "Back from subroutine"
40 END
100 REM Begin of the subroutine
110 PRINT "Subroutine started"
120 RETURN
</pre>

==== GOTO i ====
: Jumps to the line number which is given as argument.
: ''Example:''
<pre>
10 GOTO 100
20 REM not executed
30 REM not executed
100 PRINT "Hello World!"
</pre>

==== GRAPHICS ====
: [...]

==== IF THEN ELSE ====
: [...]

==== INK ====
: [...]

==== INPUT ====
: [...]

==== KEY ====
: [...]

==== LET ====
: Used to define variables. You don't need to use the ''LET'' command because it is just a command which was added for compatibility reasons.
: ''Example:''
<pre>
10 LET a$ = "hello world"
20 PRINT a$
</pre>

==== LINE ====
: [...]

==== LIST ====
: [...]

==== LOAD ====
: [...]

==== LOCATE x,y ====

: Moves the text cursor to the x,y location.

: x starts at 1 on the left and goes up to 20 (in mode 0), 40 (in mode 1) or 80 (in mode 2).

: y starts at 1 at the top and ends at 25 at the bottom.

==== MASK [i1][,i2]====

: Sets bits in each adjacent group of 8 pixel on (1) or off (0) according to binary value of i1 (0-255). i2 determines whether the first point of the line is to plotted (1) or not (0).

:Example:

<pre>
10 CLG 2:MASK 1:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
20 MASK 15:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
</pre>

==== MEMORY add====

: Allocates the amount of memory to be used by BASIC by setting the address of the highest byte it may use.

==== MERGE ====
: [...]

==== MID$ ====
: [...]

==== MODE ====
: Changes the screen mode: MODE 0 is 160x200 in 16 colors, MODE 1 is 320x200 4 colors and MODE 2 is 640x200 2 colors.

==== MOVE x,y [[,i1][,i2]]====

: Moves the graphic cursor to position x,y. The parameter i1 may be used to change the pen (drawing) colour. The parameter i2 specifies the logical colour, as in DRAW.

==== MOVER ====
: [...]

==== NEW ====
: [...]

==== ON BREAK CONT ====

: Prevents the interruption of program execution by the ESC key.

==== ON BREAK GOSUB ln ====

: Passes control to subroutine at line ln when ESC ESC pressed.

==== ON BREAK STOP ====

: Restores normal function of ESC key during program execution.

==== ON ERROR GOTO ln ====

: Passes the control to line ln if an error is detected in the program.

: ON ERROR GOTO 0, Turns of the error trap, and restores normal error processing.

==== OPENIN "datafile" ====

: Opens the specified data file for reading.

==== OPENOUT "datafile" ====
: Opens the specified data file for writing.

==== ORIGIN ====
: [...]

==== OUT add,i ====

: Outputs the value of i (0-255) to the I/O address add.

==== PAPER ====
: [...]

==== PEN ====
: [...]

==== PLOT ====
: [...]

==== PLOTR ====
: [...]

==== POKE add ====

: Alters contents of memory location add to value i (0-255)

==== PRINT ====
: [...]

==== RAD ====
: Switch to radians mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).

: ''See also:'' <tt>DEG</tt>

==== RANDOMIZE [seed] ====

: Resets the pseudo-random generator to the given seed. What is strange is that if no seed is given, one is interactively prompted for.

: A common idiom to have a ''random'' random seed is to do:

<pre>
RANDOMIZE TIME
</pre>

==== READ variable ====
: Gets the next data item (from <tt>DATA</tt> commands), stores it in the given variable and moves to the next item.
The variable must be of the correct type.

''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>

==== RELEASE ====
: [...]

==== REM [any text]====
: Introduces a comment.

==== RENUM [newLine],[oldLine],[step] ====
: Renumbers the lines of the current program.

: By default, the whole program is renumbered starting at line 10 with multiples of ten. It is important to note that ''jumps'' (<tt>GOTO</tt>, <tt>GOSUB</tt> and the like) are automatically converted to the new line numbers.

: The whole set of parameters can be used to renumber only the last part of a program.

: Example:

<pre>
10 GOTO 20
20 GOTO 30
30 GOTO 10
</pre>

: becomes, after calling <tt>RENUM 100,20,5</tt>

<pre>
10 GOTO 100
100 GOTO 105
105 GOTO 10
</pre>

==== RESTORE [line] ====

: Resets the data pointer used by <tt>READ</tt>. When used without parameters, resets the pointer to the first data in the program. Otherwise, resets the pointer to the given line number.

: Example:

<pre>
10 DATA 10,11,12,13,14
20 DATA 20
READ i:PRINT i
10
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
11
Ready
RESTORE
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
10
Ready
RESTORE 20
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
20
Ready
</pre>

: ''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>READ</tt>

==== RESUME ====
: [...]

==== RETURN ====

: Terminates a subroutine and returns control to the line following the GOSUB call (see GOSUB)

==== RUN [line] ====
: Runs the current program, optionally starting at a given line. If no line number is given, starts at the first line.

==== SAVE ====
: [...]

==== SOUND ====
: [...]

==== SPC ====
: [...]

==== SPEED ====
: [...]

==== SQ (channel) ====

: Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1,2,3, = A, B, C

:Bits 0,1 and 2 Number of free entries in the queue
:Bits 3,4 and 5 Redezvous state at head of the queue
:Bit 6 Head of the queue is held
:Bit 7 Channel is currently active

==== STOP ====

: Breaks program execution at line containing the STOP statement. The message '''BREAK in''' is output with the line number.

==== SUB ====
: [...]

==== SWAP ====
: [...]

==== SYMBOL n,i1[,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8] ====

: Redefines the appearance of the character at index n.
: Each of the following eight integers defines the contents of one pixel row, starting at the top of the character.
: Each character fits in an 8x8 pixel grid.
: Missing lines are considered as empty.

: Example:

<pre>
SYMBOL 255,255,129,129,129,129,129,129,255
PRINT CHR$(255)
</pre>

: Defines character 255 to look like an empty square and prints it.

: Initially, only characters with indices ranging from 240 to 255 can be redefined.
: See also <tt>SYMBOL AFTER</tt> to allow redefinition of arbitrary characters.

==== SYMBOL AFTER n ====
: Allows the redefinition of character symbols from index n included.

: Symbol redefinitions are made using the SYMBOL command above.
: Initially, only symbols from index 240 to 255 can be redefined. This initial situation can be restored with <tt>SYMBOL AFTER 240</tt>. Symbol previously redefined are restored to their original appearance.

==== TAB ====
: [...]

==== TAG [#st] ====

: Allows text to print at graphics cursor position.
: see TAGOFF

==== TAGOFF [#st] ====

: Directs text to stream st printing it at previous text cursor position.

==== TROFF ====

: Turns off the program flow trace (see TRON)

==== TRON ====

: Turns on the program flow trace for debugging. Causes the line number of each statement executed to be displayed.

==== USING ====
: [...]

==== WAIT add, i1[,i2] ====

: Waits until the I/O port at add returns a value (0-255). The value returned is XORed with i2 and the ANDed with i1. This is repeated until a non-zero result occurs.

==== WHILE WEND ====
: [...]

==== WIDTH ====
: [...]

==== WINDOW ====
: [...]

==== WRITE [#st,] v[$], v[$] ====

: Writes the values of the specified variable to the specified stream.

: Example:

<pre>
10 OPENOUT "DUMMY"
20 INPUT A$,A
30 WRITE #9,A$,A
40 CLOSEOUT
</pre>

==== ZONE i====

: Changes the width of the print zone. Default is 13.

=== Operators ===

==== AND ====
: [...]

==== MOD ====
: [...]

==== NOT ====
: [...]

==== OR ====
: [...]

==== XOR ====
: [...]

=== Functions ===

==== ABS (n) ====
: Returns the absolute value of n by ignoring the sign value.

: Example

<pre>
PRINT ABS(-3.5) - prints 3.5
</pre>

==== ASC (s) ====

: Returns ASCII code number of first character of string s

==== ATN (n) ====
: Returns the arctangent of n.

==== BIN$ (i1,[i2]) ====
: Returns binary representation of i1 between -32768 and 65535. The number of binary digits (0s and 1s) is specified by i2 (0-16)
: Example:

<pre>
PRINT BIN$(66,8) - prints 01000010
</pre>

==== CHR$ (n)====
: Returns the character for a given index n. For instance CHR$(65) returns the character 'A'. Valid indices range from 0 (zero) to 255.

: As an example, try the following basic program :

<pre>10 print chr$(208+rnd(2));:goto 10</pre>

: It will draw a random maze with characters 208 and 209, which are an horizontal and a vertical bar.

==== CINT (n) ====

: Returns rounded up integer value of n between -32768 and 32767.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT CINT(3.8) - print 4
</pre>

==== COPYCHR$ (st) ====

: Copies character from current position in specified stream.

==== COS (n) ====

: Returns cosine of n in degrees or radians (se DEG and RAD)

==== CREAL (n) ====

: Converts integer n to real numeric variable.

==== DEC$(n, format) ====

: Retruns the decimal string representation of n, according to the specified format (see PRINT USING)

==== DERR ====

: Gives the most recent error code number returned by [[Amsdos]].

==== EOF ====

: Checks to see if end of specified file has been reached during input. Returns 0 (false) until the end of file, then -1 (true)

==== ERR ====

: Returns the error code number of the last error encountered.

==== EXP (i) ====

: Returns the result of calculating e to the power i.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT EXP(1) - prints 2.71828183
</pre>

==== FIX (n) ====

: Removes the fractional part of n (see INT)

==== FRE (n/se) ====

: Returns the amount of unused memory, irrespective of the nature or value of the dummy argument inside the bracket.

: Examples:

<pre>
PRINT FRE(o) or PRINT FRE("hello")
</pre>

==== HEX$ (i1, i2) ====

: Returns a string hexadecimal digit representation of i1 (0-65535). The number of hex digits in the string is given by i2 (0-15)

==== HIMEM ====

: Returns address of the highest memory address used by BASIC.

==== INKEY (i) ====
: Checks to see if key number i is being pressed.

<pre>
Value returned [SHIFT] [CTRL] Specified key
-1 ignored ignored up
0 up up down
32 down up down
128 up down down
160 down down down
</pre>

==== INKEY$ ====

: Checkts the keyboard and returns the string character of the key pressed. The string character returned is normally assigned to a string variable. If no key pressed, a null string is returned.

==== INP (add) ====

: Returns value read from the I/O address add

==== INSTR ====
: [...]

==== INT (n) ====

: As in FIX if n is positive; if n is negative, it rounds it down.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT INT(3.99), INT(-3.99) - prints 3 -4
</pre>

==== JOY (i) ====

: Returns bit-significant value from specified joystick. i = 0 or 1.

<pre>
Bit Value returned
0(up) 1
1(down) 2
2(left) 4
3(right) 8
4(fire 2) 16
5(fire 1) 32
</pre>

==== LEFT$ (se, i) ====

: Returns a substring of se. The substring begins at the left-most character of se and contains i characters.

: Example:

<pre>
A$="ABCDEFG":PRINT LEFT$(A$,3) - prints ABC
</pre>

==== LEN (se) ====

: Returns the number of characters in se (0 - 255)

==== LOG (n) ====

: Returns the natural logarithm (to base e) of n.

==== LOG10 (n) ====

: Returns the logarithm to base 10 of n.

==== LOWER$ (se) ====

: Returns a copy of se in which all alphabetical characters are converted to lower case (see also UPPER)

: Example

<pre>
PRINT LOWER$("A1B2c3") - print a1b2c3
</pre>

==== MAX (list of n) ====

: Returns the maximum value from the given list.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT MAX(3,8,25,1,2,9) - prints 25
</pre>

==== MIN (list of n) ====

: Returns the minimum value from the given list (see MAX)

==== PEEK (add) ====

: Returns the contents of the specified memory location (0-65535)

==== PI ====

: Returns value of PI (3.14159265)

==== POS (#st) ====

: Returns column number of print position relative to left edge of text window on stream st. st must be specified.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT POS(#0) - prints 1
</pre>

==== REMAIN (i) ====

: Returns count remaining in delay timer i (0-3) then disables it.

==== RIGHT$ (se,i) ====

: Returns a substring of length i (0-255) characters from se, ending at the rightmost character of se.

: Example

<pre>
PRINT RIGHT$("ABCDEFG",3) - prints EFG
</pre>

==== RND [(n)] ====
: Generates the next random number in the current squence if n is positive or omitted. If n = 0, the random number generated will be the same as the last random number generated.

==== ROUND (n[,i1]) ====

: Rounds n to a number of decimal places or to the power of ten specified by i. If i is negative, the n is rounded to give an absolute integer with i zeros before the decimal point.
: Example:

<pre>
PRINT ROUND(1562.357,2):PRINT ROUND(1562.375,-2) - prints 1562.36 1600
</pre>

==== SGN (n) ====
: Returns 1 if n is positive, 0 if n = 0, -1 if n is negative.

==== SIN (n) ====
: Returns sine of n in degree or radian mode (see DEG and RAD)

==== SPACE$(i) ====

: Creates a string containing i spaces (0-255)

==== SQ (channel) ====
: Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1, 2, 3 = A, B, C.
<pre>
Bits 0,1 and 2 number of free entries in the queue
Bits 3,4 and 5 redezvous state at head of the queue
Bit 6 head of the queue is held
Bit 7 channel is currently active
</pre>

==== SQR (n) ====
: Returns the square root of n.

==== STR$(n) ====

: Returns the string representation of number n.

==== STRING$ ====

: Returns i copies of the string character specified by s.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT STRING$(3,"*") - prints ***
</pre>

==== TAN (n) ====

: Returns the tangent of n. The DEG and RAD commands can be used to force the result to either mode.

==== TEST (x,y) ====

: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y and returns the value of the ink at that position.

==== TESTR (x,y) ====

: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y relative to its current position and returns the value of ink at that position.

==== TIME ====
: Returns time elapsed since the computer was switched on or reset.
: One second = TIME/300.

==== UNT (add) ====

: Returns an integer(-32768 to 32767) which is the two's complement of add.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT UNT(&FF66) - prints -154
</pre>

==== UPPER$(se) ====

: Gives copy of se with all alphabetic characters in upper case.

==== VAL(se) ====

: Returns the numeric value (including signs) of first numeric character(s) in se. Returns 0 if se starts with a non-number.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT VAL("-12.34x", VAL("A-12") - prints -12.34 0
</pre>

==== VPOS (#st) ====
: Reports the current row (line) position of the text cursor relative to the top of the text windows of the specified stream.

==== XPOS ====

: Returns the current horizontal (x) position of the graphics cursor.

==== YPOS ====

: Returns the current vertical (y) position of the graphics cursor.

''(Please, fill in. Looks like a lot of work ;-) ...)''

== Error codes ==

* 1 '''Unexpected NEXT''' - Occurs when the FOR of a FOR .. NEXT loop is missing.
* 2 '''Syntax Error''' - Typing error or incorrect punctuation.
* 3 '''Unexpected RETURN''' - Caused by entering a subroutine other than with GOSUB.
* 4 '''DATA exhaused''' - Trying to READ data when data pointer has reached end of data.
* 5 '''Improper argument''' - The argument for a function is not legal (eg. PRINT SQR(--10)).
* 6 '''Overflow''' - The computer cannot handle a number greater than 1.7E38.
* 7 '''Memory full''' - All available RAM is being used or has been reserved. Program to big or control structures too deeply nested.
* 8 '''Line does not exist''' - Attempt to RUN, GOTO or GOSUB a non-existent line number.
* 9 '''Subsript out of range''' - Value of a subscript in an array is greater than DIM declaration.
* 10 '''Array already dimensioned''' - Arrays can only be DIMensioned once within a program.
* 11 '''Division by zero''' - Trying to divide a number by zero.
* 12 '''InvalidDirect command''' - Using a statement as a direct command it is not allowd outside a program.
* 13 '''Type mismatch''' - Trying to assign string data to a numeric variable or vice versa.
* 14 '''String space full''' - String memory area is full.
* 15 '''String to long''' - String may not exceed 256 characters.
* 16 '''String expression too complex''' - A string expression need to be broken down into smaller expressions.
* 17 '''CannotCONTinue''' - CONT can only be used if program was stopped by [ESC] or a STOP in program - not after END.
* 18 '''Unknown user function''' - A DEF FN must be executed before calling an FN function.
* 19 '''RESUMEmissing:''' - End of program has been reached while in error processing mode. Use ON ERROR before RESUME.
* 20 '''UnexpectedRESUME''' - RESUME is only used in error processing mode, ON ERROR GOTO statement must be used first.
* 21 '''Direct Command found''' - A line without a line number has found while loading a file.
* 22 '''Oprand missing''' - An incomplete expression has been found.
* 23 '''Line too long''' - The line contains to many statements.
* 24 '''EOF met''' - Trying to input data beyond end of data file.
* 25 '''FILE type error''' - Using a program file instead of a data file to read or write (or vice versa).
* 26 '''NEXT missing''' - The NEXT of a FOR ... NEXT loop is missing.
* 27 '''File already open''' - Trying to open an open file. Use CLOSEIN or CLOSEOUT first.
* 28 '''Unknown command''' - Given when an unknown command follows a masterspace.
* 29 '''WEND missing''' - The WEND part of the WHILE ... WEND loop is missing.
* 30 '''UnexpectedWEND''' - WEND encountered without a corresponding active WHILE.
* 31 '''File not open''' - Attempting to read from or write to a file without OPENing it first.

== Other Basic Dialects avaliable for the CPC ==

*[[BBC Basic]]
*[[C BASIC Compiler|C BASIC]]
*[[E-BASIC]]

== Web links ==

* [http://www.kjthacker.f2s.com/docs/bastech.html Technical information at the Unofficial Amstrad WWW Resource]
* [http://www.sean.co.uk/books/amstrad/bforbasic.shtm Locomotive Basic Tutorial by Sean McManus]

[[Category:Programming]]

Locomotive BASIC

2007-03-02T16:46:37Z

85.218.189.137: /* CONT */

{{stub}}

[[Image:Screenshots-CPC_Start_screen.jpg|thumb|CPC Start Screen showing Locomotive copyright and BASIC version]]

Locomotive BASIC was a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_language BASIC] interpreter for the Amstrad CPC range of computers.

== Description ==

Locomotive BASIC, was one of the best and fastest BASIC implementations of the era. The language benefited both from a clean, well-thought out implementation of the core language by Locomotive, and by the excellent [[firmware]] of the CPC, which lent most of its advanced features to the BASIC.

Unlike the competing Commodore 64, it featured a comprehensive graphic capabilities with its PLOT, DRAW, PAPER, INK, PEN, BORDER and (in BASIC 1.1) FILL commands. It had extensive sound commands, granting control of the [[AY-3-8912]] via the firmware's volume and tone envelope system. With the SOUND command, you could select channels, set envelopes, pitch, noise and volume. That was something unmatched by other computers of that era.

Also there was simple interface for memory management, with MEMORY and LOAD commands. The latter allowed for loading of raw screen data, thus providing easy picture showing. Both through this (combined with CALL, PEEK and POKE) and the firmware's [[RSX]] system, it was easy to mix BASIC and assembly code, thereby speeding up programs by coding the slowest parts directly in machine code. Many successful programs, including games such as [[Radzone]] and applications such as [[PowerPage]], made use of this technique.

With DEF FN, ON variable GOTO and ON variable GOSUB, Locomotive BASIC provided the rudiments of "structured programming", though nowhere near the extent of the PROCedures of [[BBC BASIC]].

All in all, if you compare BASIC interpreters of that era, the Locomotive's seems to be the best 'all-rounder' regarding the combination of speed and complexity, and still some of its features were unmatched by others.

== History ==

The CPC implementation of Locomotive BASIC was developed directly from [[Locomotive Software]]'s existing Z80 BASIC. The existence of this is cited as one of the reasons Locomotive requested that [[Amstrad]] change the CPC's processor from a 6502 to a [[Z80]].

The 464 shipped with BASIC 1.0 on ROM.

The language was revised and debugged for the 664, 6128 and Plus machines to become BASIC 1.1. Changes were minor but significant for the programmer, and included:

* DEC$ bug removed (in BASIC 1.0, it required two opening brackets and was undocumented)
* Better handling of string arguments to RSXs (|DIR,"*.BAS" rather than a$="*.BAS":|DIR,@a$)
* DATA statements can appear anywhere within a line; in BASIC 1.0, they had to be at the end of a line
* FILL command (fill area with solid colour)
* COPYCHR$ function (fetch character from screen)
* Better garbage collection
* Some number-handling bugs removed (e.g. in FOR loops with negative start/end values)
* FRAME (CALL &BD19)
* Extra, optional 'plotting mode' parameter for DRAW/PLOT commands (supported only through control codes on BASIC 1.0)
* GRAPHICS PAPER, GRAPHICS PEN commands
* ON BREAK CONT (disable ESCape)
* CLEAR INPUT (flush keyboard buffer)
* The AUTO command show the whole line if it exist, it only printed a * on the 464

Some parts of 'BASIC' were actually housed in the firmware ROM, but were not officially accessible to other programs. This included the line editor.

The 'pure BASIC' parts of Locomotive BASIC - i.e. those not concerned with CPC-specific firmware and hardware features - were upgraded to become Mallard BASIC, the CP/M language shipped with the [[PCW]]. This also featured exceptionally advanced random-access file handling, a feature missing from the CPC.

== Command list ==

=== Commands and operators ===

==== AFTER I[,t] GOSUB Ln ====
: Waits for i/50 seconds and then jumps to the subruotine at line Ln.

==== AUTO [Ln, i] ====
: Automaticaly generates line numbers starting at line Ln with increment i between line numbers.
: Use [ESC to leave AUTO mode. Default value for Ln and i is 10.
: Example:

<pre>
AUTO 100,5 - generates line numbers 100, 105, 110...
</pre>

==== BORDER color ====
: Changes the color of the border.

==== CALL add[,list of parameters] ====
: Allows an externally developed subroutine to be called by BASIC
: Example:

<pre>
CALL 0 - resets the computer completely
</pre>

==== CAT ====
: Displays the names of all existing programes on the tape or disk.
: Examples:

<pre>
CAT [ENTER] - lists all disk files in alpha-numeric order
TAPE [ENTER]
CAT [ENTER] - lists names of all tape files in their storage order
</pre>

==== CHAIN "filename"[,ln]====

:Enables the specified program to be loaded and RUN automatically. If the optional parameters ln is specified, the program execution will commence from line ln.

==== CHAIN MERGE "filename"[,ln][,DELETE1 nl - 1n2]====

:Loads the specified program from tape or disk, merges it into the program in memory, and starts execution of the merged program. The parameter DELETE1n1 - 1n2 is used to delete part of the original program before running it, if required.

==== CLEAR ====
: Clears all variables from memory, leaving the program in memory unchanged. All open files are abandoned.

==== CLG [ink] ====
: Clears the graphics screen to colour specified by ink. If parameter ink is not specified them the graphics screen is cleared to the colour specified by the GRAPHICS PAPER statement.

==== CLOSEIN ====
: Closes any input file (tape or disk).

==== CLOSEOUT ====
: Closes any output file (tape or disk).

==== CLS ====
: Clears the screen. The text cursor is moved to the upper left corner.

==== CONT ====

: CONTinues program execution interrupted either by [ESC] [ESC] or as a result of STOP within a program.

==== CURSOR ====
: [...]

==== DATA x1[,x2,x3...]====
: Defines a data ''section'' to be used by <tt>READ</tt> calls.
: Data values can be of any type (integer, real or string) as long as the corresponding <tt>READ</tt> calls use a variable of the right type.

:Example:

<pre>
10 DATA "Hello, world!", 42
20 READ message$:PRINT message$
30 READ answer:PRINT "The answer is:";answer
</pre>

:''See also:'' <tt>READ</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>

==== DEF ====
: [...]

==== DEFINT letter range====

: Forces all variables(s) starting with the specified letter(s) to be string variables. The s does not need to be added to DEFSTR variable names.

: Example:

<pre>
10 DEFSTR N - sets all variables starting with letter N as strings.
</pre>

==== DEFREAL ====
: [...]

==== DEFSTR ====

: Sets the default for variable(s) with the specified first letter(s) to integer. The letter range could be an inclusive range A-Z

: Example:

<pre>
10 DEFINT F,S ..... (or 10 DEFINT A-Z)
20 FIRST=111.11:SECOND=22.2
30 PRINT FIRST,SECOND - prints 111 22
</pre>

==== DEG ====
: Switch to degrees mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).

''See also:'' <tt>RAD</tt>

==== DELETE [line] ====
: Deletes the current program completely (without argument) or only the given line.

==== DI ====
: Disables interrupts (but not[ESC]) until re-enabled by EI command or by RETURN at end of an interrupts service routine.

==== DIM v[$](i1[,i2]) ====

: Specifies storage space to be allocated for list or table v[$]. i1 is number of rows, i2 is number of columns. If a list or a table is not specified by DIM, i1 and i2 default to 10.

==== DRAW x,y [,[i1][,i2]] ====

: Draws a line from the current cursor position to position x,y. i1 specifies colour, i2 is the logical colour.

<pre>
i2 = 0 normal colour i2 = 2 AND colour
i2 = 1 XOR colour i2 = 3 OR colour
</pre>

: Example:

<pre>
CLG 2
DRAW 500,400,0 - draws a line from 0,0 to 500,400
</pre>

==== DRAWR xr, yr, [[i1][,i2]] ====

: Draws a line from current graphics cursor position to current cursor x position + xr, current cursor y position + yr. i1 and i2 as DRAW.
:Example:

<pre>
Move 200,200
DRAWR 100,100,0 - draws a line from 200,200 to 300,300
</pre>

==== EDIT line ====
: Copies one program line to screen in edition mode.

==== EI ====
: Enable interrupts which have been disabled by DI

==== END ====
: Indicates end of program

==== ENT ====
: [...]

==== ENV ====
: [...]

==== ERASE v[$(i1[,i2]) ====
: Clears the contents of an array that is no longer required.

==== ERL ====

: Returns the line number of the last error encountered.

==== ERROR i ====
: Returns the error message whose error code number is i.

==== EVERY i[,t] GOSUB ln ====

: BASIC branches to the subroutine at line ln every i/50 seconds.

==== FILL i ====
: Fills an area of a graphics screen i colour i (0-15). Default value of i is the current graphics pen colour. Only available in Basic 1.1.

==== FN ====
: [...]

==== FOR TO STEP NEXT ====
: [...]

==== FRAME ====
: Smooths character and graphics movement and reduces flicker (waits for a VSYNC signal). Only available in Basic 1.1. On a CPC 464 you can use CALL &BD19 instead.

==== GOSUB i ====

: Jumps to subroutine which is given as argument.
: ''Example:''

<pre>
10 PRINT "Calling subroutine"
20 GOSUB 100
30 PRINT "Back from subroutine"
40 END
100 REM Begin of the subroutine
110 PRINT "Subroutine started"
120 RETURN
</pre>

==== GOTO i ====
: Jumps to the line number which is given as argument.
: ''Example:''
<pre>
10 GOTO 100
20 REM not executed
30 REM not executed
100 PRINT "Hello World!"
</pre>

==== GRAPHICS ====
: [...]

==== IF THEN ELSE ====
: [...]

==== INK ====
: [...]

==== INPUT ====
: [...]

==== KEY ====
: [...]

==== LET ====
: Used to define variables. You don't need to use the ''LET'' command because it is just a command which was added for compatibility reasons.
: ''Example:''
<pre>
10 LET a$ = "hello world"
20 PRINT a$
</pre>

==== LINE ====
: [...]

==== LIST ====
: [...]

==== LOAD ====
: [...]

==== LOCATE x,y ====

: Moves the text cursor to the x,y location.

: x starts at 1 on the left and goes up to 20 (in mode 0), 40 (in mode 1) or 80 (in mode 2).

: y starts at 1 at the top and ends at 25 at the bottom.

==== MASK [i1][,i2]====

: Sets bits in each adjacent group of 8 pixel on (1) or off (0) according to binary value of i1 (0-255). i2 determines whether the first point of the line is to plotted (1) or not (0).

:Example:

<pre>
10 CLG 2:MASK 1:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
20 MASK 15:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
</pre>

==== MEMORY add====

: Allocates the amount of memory to be used by BASIC by setting the address of the highest byte it may use.

==== MERGE ====
: [...]

==== MID$ ====
: [...]

==== MODE ====
: Changes the screen mode: MODE 0 is 160x200 in 16 colors, MODE 1 is 320x200 4 colors and MODE 2 is 640x200 2 colors.

==== MOVE x,y [[,i1][,i2]]====

: Moves the graphic cursor to position x,y. The parameter i1 may be used to change the pen (drawing) colour. The parameter i2 specifies the logical colour, as in DRAW.

==== MOVER ====
: [...]

==== NEW ====
: [...]

==== ON BREAK CONT ====

: Prevents the interruption of program execution by the ESC key.

==== ON BREAK GOSUB ln ====

: Passes control to subroutine at line ln when ESC ESC pressed.

==== ON BREAK STOP ====

: Restores normal function of ESC key during program execution.

==== ON ERROR GOTO ln ====

: Passes the control to line ln if an error is detected in the program.

: ON ERROR GOTO 0, Turns of the error trap, and restores normal error processing.

==== OPENIN "datafile" ====

: Opens the specified data file for reading.

==== OPENOUT "datafile" ====
: Opens the specified data file for writing.

==== ORIGIN ====
: [...]

==== OUT add,i ====

: Outputs the value of i (0-255) to the I/O address add.

==== PAPER ====
: [...]

==== PEN ====
: [...]

==== PLOT ====
: [...]

==== PLOTR ====
: [...]

==== POKE add ====

: Alters contents of memory location add to value i (0-255)

==== PRINT ====
: [...]

==== RAD ====
: Switch to radians mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).

: ''See also:'' <tt>DEG</tt>

==== RANDOMIZE [seed] ====

: Resets the pseudo-random generator to the given seed. What is strange is that if no seed is given, one is interactively prompted for.

: A common idiom to have a ''random'' random seed is to do:

<pre>
RANDOMIZE TIME
</pre>

==== READ variable ====
: Gets the next data item (from <tt>DATA</tt> commands), stores it in the given variable and moves to the next item.
The variable must be of the correct type.

''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>

==== RELEASE ====
: [...]

==== REM [any text]====
: Introduces a comment.

==== RENUM [newLine],[oldLine],[step] ====
: Renumbers the lines of the current program.

: By default, the whole program is renumbered starting at line 10 with multiples of ten. It is important to note that ''jumps'' (<tt>GOTO</tt>, <tt>GOSUB</tt> and the like) are automatically converted to the new line numbers.

: The whole set of parameters can be used to renumber only the last part of a program.

: Example:

<pre>
10 GOTO 20
20 GOTO 30
30 GOTO 10
</pre>

: becomes, after calling <tt>RENUM 100,20,5</tt>

<pre>
10 GOTO 100
100 GOTO 105
105 GOTO 10
</pre>

==== RESTORE [line] ====

: Resets the data pointer used by <tt>READ</tt>. When used without parameters, resets the pointer to the first data in the program. Otherwise, resets the pointer to the given line number.

: Example:

<pre>
10 DATA 10,11,12,13,14
20 DATA 20
READ i:PRINT i
10
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
11
Ready
RESTORE
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
10
Ready
RESTORE 20
Ready
READ i:PRINT i
20
Ready
</pre>

: ''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>READ</tt>

==== RESUME ====
: [...]

==== RETURN ====

: Terminates a subroutine and returns control to the line following the GOSUB call (see GOSUB)

==== RUN [line] ====
: Runs the current program, optionally starting at a given line. If no line number is given, starts at the first line.

==== SAVE ====
: [...]

==== SOUND ====
: [...]

==== SPC ====
: [...]

==== SPEED ====
: [...]

==== SQ (channel) ====

: Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1,2,3, = A, B, C

:Bits 0,1 and 2 Number of free entries in the queue
:Bits 3,4 and 5 Redezvous state at head of the queue
:Bit 6 Head of the queue is held
:Bit 7 Channel is currently active

==== STOP ====

: Breaks program execution at line containing the STOP statement. The message '''BREAK in''' is output with the line number.

==== SUB ====
: [...]

==== SWAP ====
: [...]

==== SYMBOL n,i1[,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8] ====

: Redefines the appearance of the character at index n.
: Each of the following eight integers defines the contents of one pixel row, starting at the top of the character.
: Each character fits in an 8x8 pixel grid.
: Missing lines are considered as empty.

: Example:

<pre>
SYMBOL 255,255,129,129,129,129,129,129,255
PRINT CHR$(255)
</pre>

: Defines character 255 to look like an empty square and prints it.

: Initially, only characters with indices ranging from 240 to 255 can be redefined.
: See also <tt>SYMBOL AFTER</tt> to allow redefinition of arbitrary characters.

==== SYMBOL AFTER n ====
: Allows the redefinition of character symbols from index n included.

: Symbol redefinitions are made using the SYMBOL command above.
: Initially, only symbols from index 240 to 255 can be redefined. This initial situation can be restored with <tt>SYMBOL AFTER 240</tt>. Symbol previously redefined are restored to their original appearance.

==== TAB ====
: [...]

==== TAG [#st] ====

: Allows text to print at graphics cursor position.
: see TAGOFF

==== TAGOFF [#st] ====

: Directs text to stream st printing it at previous text cursor position.

==== TROFF ====

: Turns off the program flow trace (see TRON)

==== TRON ====

: Turns on the program flow trace for debugging. Causes the line number of each statement executed to be displayed.

==== USING ====
: [...]

==== WAIT add, i1[,i2] ====

: Waits until the I/O port at add returns a value (0-255). The value returned is XORed with i2 and the ANDed with i1. This is repeated until a non-zero result occurs.

==== WHILE WEND ====
: [...]

==== WIDTH ====
: [...]

==== WINDOW ====
: [...]

==== WRITE [#st,] v[$], v[$] ====

: Writes the values of the specified variable to the specified stream.

: Example:

<pre>
10 OPENOUT "DUMMY"
20 INPUT A$,A
30 WRITE #9,A$,A
40 CLOSEOUT
</pre>

==== ZONE i====

: Changes the width of the print zone. Default is 13.

=== Operators ===

==== AND ====
: [...]

==== MOD ====
: [...]

==== NOT ====
: [...]

==== OR ====
: [...]

==== XOR ====
: [...]

=== Functions ===

==== ABS (n) ====
: Returns the absolute value of n by ignoring the sign value.

: Example

<pre>
PRINT ABS(-3.5) - prints 3.5
</pre>

==== ASC (s) ====

: Returns ASCII code number of first character of string s

==== ATN (n) ====
: Returns the arctangent of n.

==== BIN$ (i1,[i2]) ====
: Returns binary representation of i1 between -32768 and 65535. The number of binary digits (0s and 1s) is specified by i2 (0-16)
: Example:

<pre>
PRINT BIN$(66,8) - prints 01000010
</pre>

==== CHR$ (n)====
: Returns the character for a given index n. For instance CHR$(65) returns the character 'A'. Valid indices range from 0 (zero) to 255.

: As an example, try the following basic program :

<pre>10 print chr$(208+rnd(2));:goto 10</pre>

: It will draw a random maze with characters 208 and 209, which are an horizontal and a vertical bar.

==== CINT (n) ====

: Returns rounded up integer value of n between -32768 and 32767.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT CINT(3.8) - print 4
</pre>

==== COPYCHR$ (st) ====

: Copies character from current position in specified stream.

==== COS (n) ====

: Returns cosine of n in degrees or radians (se DEG and RAD)

==== CREAL (n) ====

: Converts integer n to real numeric variable.

==== DEC$(n, format) ====

: Retruns the decimal string representation of n, according to the specified format (see PRINT USING)

==== DERR ====

: Gives the most recent error code number returned by [[Amsdos]].

==== EOF ====

: Checks to see if end of specified file has been reached during input. Returns 0 (false) until the end of file, then -1 (true)

==== ERR ====

: Returns the error code number of the last error encountered.

==== EXP (i) ====

: Returns the result of calculating e to the power i.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT EXP(1) - prints 2.71828183
</pre>

==== FIX (n) ====

: Removes the fractional part of n (see INT)

==== FRE (n/se) ====

: Returns the amount of unused memory, irrespective of the nature or value of the dummy argument inside the bracket.

: Examples:

<pre>
PRINT FRE(o) or PRINT FRE("hello")
</pre>

==== HEX$ (i1, i2) ====

: Returns a string hexadecimal digit representation of i1 (0-65535). The number of hex digits in the string is given by i2 (0-15)

==== HIMEM ====

: Returns address of the highest memory address used by BASIC.

==== INKEY (i) ====
: Checks to see if key number i is being pressed.

<pre>
Value returned [SHIFT] [CTRL] Specified key
-1 ignored ignored up
0 up up down
32 down up down
128 up down down
160 down down down
</pre>

==== INKEY$ ====

: Checkts the keyboard and returns the string character of the key pressed. The string character returned is normally assigned to a string variable. If no key pressed, a null string is returned.

==== INP (add) ====

: Returns value read from the I/O address add

==== INSTR ====
: [...]

==== INT (n) ====

: As in FIX if n is positive; if n is negative, it rounds it down.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT INT(3.99), INT(-3.99) - prints 3 -4
</pre>

==== JOY (i) ====

: Returns bit-significant value from specified joystick. i = 0 or 1.

<pre>
Bit Value returned
0(up) 1
1(down) 2
2(left) 4
3(right) 8
4(fire 2) 16
5(fire 1) 32
</pre>

==== LEFT$ (se, i) ====

: Returns a substring of se. The substring begins at the left-most character of se and contains i characters.

: Example:

<pre>
A$="ABCDEFG":PRINT LEFT$(A$,3) - prints ABC
</pre>

==== LEN (se) ====

: Returns the number of characters in se (0 - 255)

==== LOG (n) ====

: Returns the natural logarithm (to base e) of n.

==== LOG10 (n) ====

: Returns the logarithm to base 10 of n.

==== LOWER$ ====
: [...]

==== MAX (list of n) ====

: Returns the maximum value from the given list.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT MAX(3,8,25,1,2,9) - prints 25
</pre>

==== MIN (list of n) ====

: Returns the minimum value from the given list (see MAX)

==== PEEK (add) ====

: Returns the contents of the specified memory location (0-65535)

==== PI ====

: Returns value of PI (3.14159265)

==== POS (#st) ====

: Returns column number of print position relative to left edge of text window on stream st. st must be specified.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT POS(#0) - prints 1
</pre>

==== REMAIN (i) ====

: Returns count remaining in delay timer i (0-3) then disables it.

==== RIGHT$ (se,i) ====

: Returns a substring of length i (0-255) characters from se, ending at the rightmost character of se.

: Example

<pre>
PRINT RIGHT$("ABCDEFG",3) - prints EFG
</pre>

==== RND [(n)] ====
: Generates the next random number in the current squence if n is positive or omitted. If n = 0, the random number generated will be the same as the last random number generated.

==== ROUND (n[,i1]) ====

: Rounds n to a number of decimal places or to the power of ten specified by i. If i is negative, the n is rounded to give an absolute integer with i zeros before the decimal point.
: Example:

<pre>
PRINT ROUND(1562.357,2):PRINT ROUND(1562.375,-2) - prints 1562.36 1600
</pre>

==== SGN (n) ====
: Returns 1 if n is positive, 0 if n = 0, -1 if n is negative.

==== SIN (n) ====
: Returns sine of n in degree or radian mode (see DEG and RAD)

==== SPACE$(i) ====

: Creates a string containing i spaces (0-255)

==== SQ (channel) ====
: Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1, 2, 3 = A, B, C.
<pre>
Bits 0,1 and 2 number of free entries in the queue
Bits 3,4 and 5 redezvous state at head of the queue
Bit 6 head of the queue is held
Bit 7 channel is currently active
</pre>

==== SQR (n) ====
: Returns the square root of n.

==== STR$(n) ====

: Returns the string representation of number n.

==== STRING$ ====

: Returns i copies of the string character specified by s.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT STRING$(3,"*") - prints ***
</pre>

==== TAN (n) ====

: Returns the tangent of n. The DEG and RAD commands can be used to force the result to either mode.

==== TEST (x,y) ====

: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y and returns the value of the ink at that position.

==== TESTR (x,y) ====

: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y relative to its current position and returns the value of ink at that position.

==== TIME ====
: Returns time elapsed since the computer was switched on or reset.
: One second = TIME/300.

==== UNT (add) ====

: Returns an integer(-32768 to 32767) which is the two's complement of add.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT UNT(&FF66) - prints -154
</pre>

==== UPPER$(se) ====

: Gives copy of se with all alphabetic characters in upper case.

==== VAL(se) ====

: Returns the numeric value (including signs) of first numeric character(s) in se. Returns 0 if se starts with a non-number.

: Example:

<pre>
PRINT VAL("-12.34x", VAL("A-12") - prints -12.34 0
</pre>

==== VPOS (#st) ====
: Reports the current row (line) position of the text cursor relative to the top of the text windows of the specified stream.

==== XPOS ====

: Returns the current horizontal (x) position of the graphics cursor.

==== YPOS ====

: Returns the current vertical (y) position of the graphics cursor.

''(Please, fill in. Looks like a lot of work ;-) ...)''

== Error codes ==

* 1 '''Unexpected NEXT''' - Occurs when the FOR of a FOR .. NEXT loop is missing.
* 2 '''Syntax Error''' - Typing error or incorrect punctuation.
* 3 '''Unexpected RETURN''' - Caused by entering a subroutine other than with GOSUB.
* 4 '''DATA exhaused''' - Trying to READ data when data pointer has reached end of data.
* 5 '''Improper argument''' - The argument for a function is not legal (eg. PRINT SQR(--10)).
* 6 '''Overflow''' - The computer cannot handle a number greater than 1.7E38.
* 7 '''Memory full''' - All available RAM is being used or has been reserved. Program to big or control structures too deeply nested.
* 8 '''Line does not exist''' - Attempt to RUN, GOTO or GOSUB a non-existent line number.
* 9 '''Subsript out of range''' - Value of a subscript in an array is greater than DIM declaration.
* 10 '''Array already dimensioned''' - Arrays can only be DIMensioned once within a program.
* 11 '''Division by zero''' - Trying to divide a number by zero.
* 12 '''InvalidDirect command''' - Using a statement as a direct command it is not allowd outside a program.
* 13 '''Type mismatch''' - Trying to assign string data to a numeric variable or vice versa.
* 14 '''String space full''' - String memory area is full.
* 15 '''String to long''' - String may not exceed 256 characters.
* 16 '''String expression too complex''' - A string expression need to be broken down into smaller expressions.
* 17 '''CannotCONTinue''' - CONT can only be used if program was stopped by [ESC] or a STOP in program - not after END.
* 18 '''Unknown user function''' - A DEF FN must be executed before calling an FN function.
* 19 '''RESUMEmissing:''' - End of program has been reached while in error processing mode. Use ON ERROR before RESUME.
* 20 '''UnexpectedRESUME''' - RESUME is only used in error processing mode, ON ERROR GOTO statement must be used first.
* 21 '''Direct Command found''' - A line without a line number has found while loading a file.
* 22 '''Oprand missing''' - An incomplete expression has been found.
* 23 '''Line too long''' - The line contains to many statements.
* 24 '''EOF met''' - Trying to input data beyond end of data file.
* 25 '''FILE type error''' - Using a program file instead of a data file to read or write (or vice versa).
* 26 '''NEXT missing''' - The NEXT of a FOR ... NEXT loop is missing.
* 27 '''File already open''' - Trying to open an open file. Use CLOSEIN or CLOSEOUT first.
* 28 '''Unknown command''' - Given when an unknown command follows a masterspace.
* 29 '''WEND missing''' - The WEND part of the WHILE ... WEND loop is missing.
* 30 '''UnexpectedWEND''' - WEND encountered without a corresponding active WHILE.
* 31 '''File not open''' - Attempting to read from or write to a file without OPENing it first.

== Other Basic Dialects avaliable for the CPC ==

*[[BBC Basic]]
*[[C BASIC Compiler|C BASIC]]
*[[E-BASIC]]

== Web links ==

* [http://www.kjthacker.f2s.com/docs/bastech.html Technical information at the Unofficial Amstrad WWW Resource]
* [http://www.sean.co.uk/books/amstrad/bforbasic.shtm Locomotive Basic Tutorial by Sean McManus]

[[Category:Programming]]

Amstradbladet 1987, Issue 9

2007-03-02T15:00:39Z

85.218.189.137:

Amstradbladet

2007-03-02T14:58:36Z

85.218.189.137:

[[Image:Amstradbladet.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Amstradbladet Frontpage]]

'''Amstradbladet''' was a Danish CPC magazine running from 1984 to 1988.

The Amstrad CPC was a late entry to the Danish computing scene. Commodore
was already established (since 1982), when the Amstrad CPC arrived in Denmark in October 1984.

Other than Commodore, Amstrad was the most successful manufacturer of home computers for the Danish market in the 1980s. After the closure of Amstradbladet the dominance of Commodore was apparent in Denmark.

A dedicated group of people left when Amstradbladet closed, and started
[[Amstrad Bruger Bladet]]. Amstrad Bruger Bladet published its last issue in November 1989.

== Online Issues: ==

* [[Amstradbladet 1984, Issue 1]]
* [[Amstradbladet 1987, Issue 9]]

<gallery caption="Amstradbladet Issues from 1984 - 1988">
Image:Amstrad Bladet8401001.jpg|1984, Issue 1
Image:Amstrad Bladet8502001.jpg|1985, Issue 2
Image:Amstrad Bladet8503001.jpg|1985, Issue 3
Image:Amstrad Bladet8401001.jpg|
Image:Amstrad Bladet8505001.jpg|1985, Issue 5
Image:Amstrad Bladet8506001.jpg|1985, Issue 6
Image:Amstrad Bladet8601001.jpg|1986, Issue 1
Image:Amstrad Bladet8401001.jpg|1986, Issue 2
Image:Amstrad Bladet8401001.jpg|
Image:Amstrad Bladet8605001.jpg|1986, Issue 5
Image:Amstrad Bladet8606001.jpg|1986, Issue 6
Image:Amstrad Bladet8701001.jpg|1987, Issue 1
Image:Amstrad Bladet8702001.jpg|1987, Issue 2
Image:Amstrad Bladet8703001.jpg|1987, Issue 3
Image:Amstrad Bladet8704001.jpg|1987, Issue 4
Image:Amstrad Bladet8705001.jpg|1987, Issue 5
Image:Amstrad Bladet8706001.jpg|1987, Issue 6
Image:Amstrad Bladet8707001.jpg|1987, Issue 7
Image:Amstrad Bladet8708001.jpg|1987, Issue 8
Image:Amstrad Bladet8401001.jpg|1987, Issue 9
Image:Amstrad Bladet8810001.jpg|1988, Issue 10
</gallery>

[[Category:CPC Press]] [[Category:Magazines]]

DigiDemo 2

2006-12-19T13:26:56Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:KIILDD2 screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|DigiDemo 2]]

'''DigiDemo 2''' is a German demo by [[Killer]]

Release date: April 1989

[[Category:Demos]]

Ken le Survivant

2006-12-19T13:25:02Z

85.218.166.50:

DigiDemo 2

2006-12-19T13:21:23Z

85.218.166.50:

DigiDemo 2 by Killer, a german Amstrad CPC demo in april 1989, 1 .DSK KIILDD2 April 1989 German Killer

Ken le Survivant

2006-12-19T13:20:34Z

85.218.166.50:

A slideshow of ten digitised images from the Manga cartoon Ken le Survivant, 1 .DSK KENSURVI

Cobra Goodbye Demo

2006-12-15T05:00:33Z

85.218.166.50:

'''Cobra Goodbye Demo''' a German demo by [[Cobra]]

Release date: July 1990

This Demo was made using the [[NWC Demo Maker]].

<gallery caption="Cobra Goodbye Demo - screen shots">
Image:COBGOOD screen shot 1.jpg|
Image:COBGOOD screen shot 2.jpg|
</gallery>

[[Category:Demos]]

JCP X-Mas Demo

2006-12-14T10:48:06Z

85.218.166.50:

JCP Magic Demo Preview

2006-12-14T10:46:42Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:JCPPREV screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|JCP Magic Demo Preview]]

'''JCP Magic Demo Preview''' is a Danish demo by [[JCP]]

Release date: 07-07-1990

[[Category:Demos]]

JCP Mega Music Demo

2006-12-14T10:45:54Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:JCPMMDEM screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|JCP Mega Music Demo]]

'''JCP Mega Music Demo''' is a Danish demo by [[JCP]]

Release date: 14-01-1990

[[Category:Demos]]

Flag Demo

2006-12-14T10:44:39Z

85.218.166.50:

Fishman Smiling Intro 1

2006-12-14T10:42:41Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:FISHMAN1 screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Fishman Smiling Intro 1]]

'''Fishman Smiling Intro 1''' is a by [[Fishman]]

Made with [[NWC Demo Maker]]

Release date: ?

[[Category:Demos]]

Face Hugger Swinging Snakes Demo

2006-12-14T10:41:18Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:FHSWSNA screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Face Hugger Swinging Snakes Demo]]

'''Face Hugger Swinging Snakes Demo''' is a by [[Face Hugger]]

Crashes after firstpart

Release date: ?

[[Category:Demos]]

Face Hugger Spiral Demo

2006-12-14T10:40:04Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:FHSPIRAL screenshot 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Face Hugger Spiral-Demo]]

'''Face Hugger Spiral-Demo''' is a by [[Face Hugger]]

Release date: ?

[[Category:Demos]]

Donut System

2006-12-14T10:38:31Z

85.218.166.50: /* Incomplete list of released Donut System productions */

Donut System was a group created by [[Slice]]. Although he'd just been accepted into [[The Firm]], he decided to create his own group.

== Member list ==

* [[BoGGer!]] (Justin Williams) (graphist, swapper)
* [[Maniac]] (Jon Woodley) (coder, graphist, swapper)
* [[Shades]] (Robert Sparrow) (musician, swapper, PD librarian ([[RSPD]]))
* [[Slice]] (Tom Dean) (disczine editor, swapper, coder)
* [[Three]] (Andrew Thelwell) (Amiga - graphist and editor of the unreleased discmag DMA (Donut Mag Amiga))

[[Disc]] and [[Tom-Pouce]] (editor of [[Eurostrad]]) agreed to join, but they didn't really want affiliation with a group.

== Incomplete list of released Donut System productions ==

* [[AniManiac]] (sprite handling utility, Maniac)
* [[Bepsil generations]] (demo, BoGGer! and Slice)
* [[Donut Bomb!]] (demo, BoGGer! and Slice)
* [[Donut Mag]] (disczine, two issues)
* [[Donut System BitmaPixel demo]] (joke demo, Slice)
* [[Fat Ass Demo]] (demo, BoGGer! and Slice)
* [[Insanity]] (demo, Slice)
* [[Otto issue 4 intro]] (demo, Slice)
* [[Sewerside Meeting Demo]] (demo, BoGGer!, Shades and Slice)
* [[Shite Part]] (demo, Slice, made for Take Off Megademo... music was by [[Palm Coding]] from a preview he gave Slice, when Palm Coding pulled Slice up on this, Slice said "Well, you should feel good about it because I love that track!" Ah, to be so brazen again)
* [[The Essential Digitracker Selection]] (Digitracker collection, Maniac)
* [[The Ultimate Digitracker Collection]] (Digitracker collection, Slice, blatant rip off of Maniac's idea)
* [[You Stole My Lawnmower!]] (little demo, Slice)

== List of Donut System meetings ==

* Sewerside Meeting (Summer 1995 - Shades, BoGGer!, Slice)
* BePSiL Meeting (Winter 1995-1996 - BoGGer!, Slice, Three)
* Mini Milk Meeting (Spring 1996 - BoGGer!, Slice, Dynamo)
* Spoon? Meeting (Summer 1996 - Shades, BoGGer!, Slice, [[Nich]], Dynamo, Three)

== Links to current websites by Donut System members ==

* [http://www.justinwilliams.co.uk http://www.justinwilliams.co.uk - BoGGer!'s web site, which contains no CPC info whatsoever:]
* [http://www.myspace.com/quicksilverjesus http://www.myspace.com/quicksilverjesus - Slice's new Myspace page, also with no CPC info!:]

The side on pic of the Memorex skeleton with fairly long hair and glasses in BoGGer!'s site is Slice, way back in 1995.

He has an older web site, I just need to find it.

[[Category:Scene group]]

Fat Ass Demo

2006-12-14T10:38:11Z

85.218.166.50:

JCP X-Mas Demo

2006-12-14T10:31:38Z

85.218.166.50:

JCP X-Mas Demo JCP-XMAS 19-12-1990 1990 Danish JCP

JCP Magic Demo Preview

2006-12-14T10:31:08Z

85.218.166.50:

JCP Magic Demo Preview JCPPREV 07-07-1990 1990 Danish JCP

JCP Mega Music Demo

2006-12-14T10:30:44Z

85.218.166.50:

JCP Mega Music Demo JCPMMDEM 14-01-1990 1990 Danish JCP

Flag Demo

2006-12-14T10:29:26Z

85.218.166.50:

Flag Demo FLAGDEMO 1990 Danish Jan B Anders

Fishman Smiling Intro 1

2006-12-14T10:28:55Z

85.218.166.50:

Fishman Smiling Intro 1 Made with NWC demomaker FISHMAN1

Face Hugger Swinging Snakes Demo

2006-12-14T10:28:02Z

85.218.166.50:

Face Hugger Swinging Snakes Demo Crashes after firstpart FHSWSNA Face Hugger

Face Hugger Spiral Demo

2006-12-14T10:27:24Z

85.218.166.50:

Face Hugger Spiral-Demo FHSPIRAL Face Hugger

Fat Ass Demo

2006-12-14T10:26:50Z

85.218.166.50:

Fat Ass Demo FATASS Donut System

Karatian

2006-11-01T14:30:19Z

85.218.166.50:

A game by [[Wizcat]]

Release date: 1995

Graphics is ripped out of the games [[Barbarian]] and [[International Karate Plus]] ...

<gallery caption="Karatian - screenshots">
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 1.jpg|Titlescreen
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 2.jpg|Introscreen
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 3.jpg|Choose between human/computer opponents
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 4.jpg|Two different backgrounds - The mountains
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 5.jpg|Fight introduction
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 6.jpg|The Forrest
Image:KARATIAN screen shot 7.jpg|
</gallery>

== Links ==

http://cpcscene.com/index.php?search=karatian Download Karatian from www.cpcscene.com

[[Category:Games]]

Plus

2006-09-30T06:04:14Z

85.218.166.50:

<center><gallery caption="CPC+/GX4000">

image:6128plus_es.jpg|Spanish Amstrad CPC 6128 Plus
image:6128plus_fr_en_kanga.jpg|Airbrushed CPC 6128 plus
Image:Gx4000.jpg|The Amstrad GX4000
</gallery></center>

== The GX4000 Games Console ==
The GX4000 is a game console based on a CPC 464+ without a floppy controller or keyboard (although it is actually possible to modify one, add a floppy controller and a keyboard and use it as a CPC+). It was delivered with two game paddles (as the ones delivered with the CPC+ models) and Burning Rubber on cartidge (without basic).

The GX400 was [[Amstrad]]'s attempt to gain some share in the home game console market, then dominated by the likes of Nintendo and Sega. Like others before it, and like others after it, it failed abysmally in its goal. Despite the fact that the hardware was decent (after all the CPC+ series were some of the very best 8-bit computers ever designed), it was a case of 'too little, too late'. Lack of CPC+ specific software, lack of marketing effort and bad timing meant that Amstrad's adventure in the home market was about to end.

=== Cartridges released for the GX4000 ===

* [[Barbarian 2]]
* [[Batman The Movie]]
* [[Burnin' Rubber]]
* [[Chase HQ 2]]
* [[Copter 271]]
* [[Crazy Cars 2]]
* [[Dick Tracy]]
* [[Enforcer (With Phazer)]]
* [[Fire and Forget 2]]
* [[Gazza II]]
* [[Klax]]
* [[Mystical]]
* [[Navy Seals]]
* [[No Exit]]
* [[Operation Thunderbolt]]
* [[Pang]]
* [[Plotting]]
* [[Pro Tennis Tour]]
* [[Robocop 2]]
* [[Skeet Shoot (With Phazer)]]
* [[Super Pinball Magic]]
* [[Switchblade]]
* [[Tennis Cup 2]]
* [[Tintin On the Moon]]
* [[Wild Streets]]
* [[World Of Sports]]

=== Weblinks ===
*[http://www.pcwking.netfirms.com/cartridge.html Listing and pictures of Amstrad GX4000 games]
*[http://www.kjthacker.f2s.com/docs/carts.htm Complete list of GX 4000 games]

== The CPC Plus ==
'''CPC Plus''' can use cartridges released for the '''GX4000''', but specific software can be created using the extra features without the need of hardware (contrary as it was claimed by Amstrad in 1991). The extra features are not locked by an hardware mechanism but only by a special 17 bytes-lenght sequence send to the CRTC. So, it's possible for everyone to create his own software on the cpc plus, using the extra features available through a 16kb ASIC I/O page.
See [[Programming ASIC]]
Excepted the extra-features, the Cpc Plus is almost full compatible with the old generation. We can notice some minor differences in emulated components ([[PPI]], [[CRTC]], [[FDC]]) and in the interruption mechanism in vectorised mode.

=== Specific Software for Cpc Plus ===
==== Game creators ====
To complete

==== Non-cartridge games ====
* [[Fluff]] ([[Radical Software]])
* [[Stryker and the Crypts of Trogan]] ([[Codemasters]]) - enhanced for Plus

==== Graphic ====
* [[SMARTplus]] ([[Radical Software]])
To complete

===== Desktop publishing =====

===== Graphic utilities =====
* [[Kit 4096]] ([[Offset]])
* [[Sprite Editor]] ([[Blue Impuls]])
* [[SymPlay]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[SymSee]] ([[Prodatron]])
To complete...
See [[Applications]] for exact words

==== Music software ====
To complete with software able to use dma sound playlist...
See [[Applications]] for exact words

==== Other ====
To complete

==== Graphical user interfaces / Shells ====
To complete
See [[Programming software]] for exact words

==== Operating Systems ====
To complete

==== Libraries ====
* [[B-ASIC]] ([[Logon System]])

==== Demos ====

* [[20, 21,22 February 1999 meeting Demo]] by [[Bendiction]]
* [[A Step Beyond]] by [[Dirty Minds]]
* [[ASM Intro 1]] by [[Flower corp.]]
* [[Basic Demo 3]]
* [[Demo Plus]] ([[GPA]])
* [[DMA music demo]] ([[Cadjo Clan]])
* [[Fantasy]] by [[Semilanceata]]
* [[Genesis demo]] ([[STS]])
* [[Fire Engine demo]] (attributed to [[Roo-dolph]])
* [[Wulf]]/[[Ratz]] part of [[Palatine]]

* to complete

[[Category:Hardware]]

Plus

2006-09-30T06:01:21Z

85.218.166.50: /* Demos */

<center><gallery caption="CPC+/GX4000">

image:6128plus_es.jpg|Spanish Amstrad CPC 6128 Plus
image:6128plus_fr_en_kanga.jpg|Airbrushed CPC 6128 plus
Image:Gx4000.jpg|The Amstrad GX4000
</gallery></center>

== The GX4000 Games Console ==
The GX4000 is a game console based on a CPC 464+ without a floppy controller or keyboard (although it is actually possible to modify one, add a floppy controller and a keyboard and use it as a CPC+). It was delivered with two game paddles (as the ones delivered with the CPC+ models) and Burning Rubber on cartidge (without basic).

The GX400 was [[Amstrad]]'s attempt to gain some share in the home game console market, then dominated by the likes of Nintendo and Sega. Like others before it, and like others after it, it failed abysmally in its goal. Despite the fact that the hardware was decent (after all the CPC+ series were some of the very best 8-bit computers ever designed), it was a case of 'too little, too late'. Lack of CPC+ specific software, lack of marketing effort and bad timing meant that Amstrad's adventure in the home market was about to end.

=== Cartridges released for the GX4000 ===

* [[Barbarian 2]]
* [[Batman The Movie]]
* [[Burnin' Rubber]]
* [[Chase HQ 2]]
* [[Copter 271]]
* [[Crazy Cars 2]]
* [[Dick Tracy]]
* [[Enforcer (With Phazer)]]
* [[Fire and Forget 2]]
* [[Gazza II]]
* [[Klax]]
* [[Mystical]]
* [[Navy Seals]]
* [[No Exit]]
* [[Operation Thunderbolt]]
* [[Pang]]
* [[Plotting]]
* [[Pro Tennis Tour]]
* [[Robocop 2]]
* [[Skeet Shoot (With Phazer)]]
* [[Super Pinball Magic]]
* [[Switchblade]]
* [[Tennis Cup 2]]
* [[Tintin On the Moon]]
* [[Wild Streets]]
* [[World Of Sports]]

=== Weblinks ===
*[http://www.pcwking.netfirms.com/cartridge.html Listing and pictures of Amstrad GX4000 games]
*[http://www.kjthacker.f2s.com/docs/carts.htm Complete list of GX 4000 games]

== The CPC Plus ==
'''CPC Plus''' can use cartridges released for the '''GX4000''', but specific software can be created using the extra features without the need of hardware (contrary as it was claimed by Amstrad in 1991). The extra features are not locked by an hardware mechanism but only by a special 17 bytes-lenght sequence send to the CRTC. So, it's possible for everyone to create his own software on the cpc plus, using the extra features available through a 16kb ASIC I/O page.
See [[Programming ASIC]]
Excepted the extra-features, the Cpc Plus is almost full compatible with the old generation. We can notice some minor differences in emulated components ([[PPI]], [[CRTC]], [[FDC]]) and in the interruption mechanism in vectorised mode.

=== Specific Software for Cpc Plus ===
==== Game creators ====
To complete

==== Non-cartridge games ====
* [[Fluff]] ([[Radical Software]])
* [[Stryker and the Crypts of Trogan]] ([[Codemasters]]) - enhanced for Plus

==== Graphic ====
* [[SMARTplus]] ([[Radical Software]])
To complete

===== Desktop publishing =====

===== Graphic utilities =====
* [[Kit 4096]] ([[Offset]])
* [[Sprite Editor]] ([[Blue Impuls]])
* [[SymPlay]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[SymSee]] ([[Prodatron]])
To complete...
See [[Applications]] for exact words

==== Music software ====
To complete with software able to use dma sound playlist...
See [[Applications]] for exact words

==== Other ====
To complete

==== Graphical user interfaces / Shells ====
To complete
See [[Programming software]] for exact words

==== Operating Systems ====
To complete

==== Libraries ====
* [[B-ASIC]] ([[Logon System]])

==== Demos ====

* [[20, 21,22 February 1999 meeting Demo]] by [[Bendiction]]
* [[A step beyond]]
* [[ASM Intro 1]] by [[Flower corp.]]
* [[Basic Demo 3]]
* [[Demo Plus]] ([[GPA]])
* [[DMA music demo]] ([[Cadjo Clan]])
* [[Fantasy]] by [[Semilanceata]]
* [[Genesis demo]] ([[STS]])
* [[Fire Engine demo]] (attributed to [[Roo-dolph]])
* [[Wulf]]/[[Ratz]] part of [[Palatine]]

* to complete

[[Category:Hardware]]

AMX Art

2006-09-02T02:32:19Z

85.218.166.50: /* Technical Specs. = */

AMX Art

2006-09-02T01:45:52Z

85.218.166.50:

AMX Art

2006-09-02T01:44:53Z

85.218.166.50: /* Manual (French) */

GAC

2006-08-31T21:22:44Z

85.218.166.50: Redirecting to The Graphic Adventure Creator

#REDIRECT [[The Graphic Adventure Creator]]

Schneider

2006-08-31T17:29:54Z

85.218.166.50:

[[image:schneider_6128_en.jpg|thumb|Schneider CPC 6128 with grey Keys and Centronic-Ports]]
Schneider Computer Division, a division of the Schneider Rundfunkwerke from Türkheim (Germany) exclusively distributed the [[CPC_old_generation|Amstrad CPC]] 464, 664 and 6128 on the german market under their own brand name Schneider.
In the middle 80s the Schneider Rundfunkwerke opened the Schneider Computer Division, originally for the sole purpose of distributing the the Amstrad Computers under license.

Although the CPC - even the CPCplus - contains soldering points that allow the manufacturer to specify the OEM brand appearing on the boot screen of the computer, the Schneider CPCs had a few more differences from their UK and worldwide siblings:
* All Schneider CPCs had grey resp. black keys only. The colourful keys of the CPC464 and CPC664 were unknown in Germany.
* The German CPC6128 sported proper expansion ports and not mere PCB extensions. These were much more durable and they were implemented because of stricter German laws. Unfortunately this also meant that some [[peripherals]] would have a troubled time trying to connect to the back of the Schneider CPC6128s unless you got an adapter.
:: Would this mean that other manufacturers like Commodore and Atari had to enforce those same guideline for expansions!

* All manuals by Schneider were spiral bound, while most Amstrad manuals were glued.
* The labels of the system disks were translated

Amazingly German CPCs didn't have German keyboard layouts though, this feature was reserved for the PCW/Joyce and PC1512/PC1640 models.

Until 1987 Schneider Computer Division also distributed the Amstrad PCW8256 (also known as Joyce), PCW8125 (Joyce Plus), PC1512 and PC1640. At the end of 1987 Schneider had distanced itself from Amstrad due to differences in dealership policies. So they started from 1988 an own production of computers, they built the EuroPC and EuroPCII (two very compact PC units on the same computer-in-a-keyboard format like the CPC6128), EuroXT, EuroAT and TowerAT, which were even 'Made in Germany'.
Until today you can buy computers with the brand name 'Schneider' on them, though the company has ceased a long time ago and 'Schneider' is just a brand name for Fujitsu-Siemens computers.

Applications

2006-08-31T16:47:39Z

85.218.166.50:

== Coding ==

=== Assemblers ===

* [[Dams]] (MicroApplication)
* [[Maxam]] ([[Arnor]])
* [[Turbo Ass|Turbo Ass (TASS)]] ([[Exodus]])

=== Hacking ===

* [[AntiMultiface]]
* [[ERE Hacking Tools]] ([[GPA]])
* [[Firebird loader toolkit]] ([[GPA]])
* [[FutureOS Monitor]] ([[TFM]])
* [[KBI Cracker]]
* [[Loriciel to Disk]] ([[GPA]])
* [[Master toolkit]]
* [[Mastertronic to Disk]] ([[GPA]])
* [[Runstrad decoder 1990]] ([[GPA]])
* [[Soundhakker]] ([[The Equalizor]])

=== Libraries ===

* [[FIOLIB]] ([[TFM]])
* [[CPCIOLIB]] (Juergen Weber)

=== [[Programming]] Languages ===

* [[Arnor C]] ([[Arnor]])
* [[B-ASIC]] ([[Logon System]])
* [[BCPL]]
* [[Forth]]
* [[HiSoft C]]
* [[HiSoft Pascal]]
* [[Locomotive BASIC]]
* [[Logo]]
* [[Microsoft BASIC]]
* [[Small C]]
* [[Turbo Pascal]]

=== Utilities ===

* [[DamsConverter]] ([[POW]])
* [[FAst BAsic COMpiler]] ([[DMV]])
* [[SuperMonitor]] ([[Crown]])
* [[TurboSuperMonitor]] ([[POW]])
* [[XBDS]] ([[DMV]])

== File compression ==

* [[Cheese]] ([[Antoine Pitrou]])
* [[Columbia]] ([[Robot PD]])
* [[CPC_T]] ([[Madram]])
* [[CrownCruncher]] ([[Crown]])
* [[FlowerCruncher]] ([[Roudoudou]])
* [[SQ23]]
* [[Turbocruncher]] ([[Elmar Krieger]])
* [[Turbo Imploder]] ([[Crown]])

== Graphics ==

=== Desktop publishing ===

* [[Advanced DTP]] ([[Geoff Smith]])
* [[AMX-Pagemaker]] ([[Advanced Memory Systems]])
* [[Artworx]] (Roland Weigelt / [[DMV]]) (1988)
* [[Fleet Street Editor]] ([[Mirrorsoft]])
* [[MicroDesign]] ([[Hogsoft]]) (1988)
* [[MicroDesign Plus]] ([[Campursoft]])
* [[Page Publisher]] ([[SD Microsystems]])
* [[Pagemaker Deluxe]] ([[Scull PD|Scull SL]])
* [[PowerPage]] ([[Robot PD]])
* [[Pro-Design]] ([[Crusader Software]]) (1988)
* [[Stop Press]] ([[AMX]])

=== Graphic utilities ===

* [[OCP Art Studio|Advanced OCP Art Studio]] ([[OCP]])
* [[Art Studio]] ([[OCP]])
* [[AMX Art]] ([[Advanced Memory Systems]])
* [[BMP-Convert]]
* [[Bmp-Converter]]
* [[Bmp-PalConverter]]
* [[CAD Easy]] ([[Microland]]) (1987)
* [[Cherry Paint]] ([[Siren Software]])
* [[Claudia]] (Eliot - [[Benediction]])
* [[Copyshop]] (Matthias Uphoff / [[DMV]])
* [[DBT-PAL]] ([[Da Boxon Team]])
* [[DBT-Scan]] ([[Da Boxon Team]])
* [[Easi-Art]] ([[Weeske]])
* [[FontCatcher]]
* [[Fraktal Generator 3-D]] (Matthias Uphoff / [[DMV]]) (1988)
* [[Funky Generator]] ([[Semilanceata]])
* [[G-Paint]] ([[Günter Radestock]]) (1988)
* [[Gifcon]]
* [[GMSK]] - Graphic Mode 0 - Screen to Sprite Konverter ([[TFM]])
* [[IFF Convert]] ([[Face Hugger]])
* [[Kit4096]]
* [[KitOverscan]]
* [[Magic Brush]] ([[Waldeck-Software]]) (1987)
* [[Mf2-Ocp]]
* [[Movie Maker]] ([[TFM]])
* [[PI1-Convert]]
* [[PI1-Screens]]
* [[Profi Painter]] ([[Data Becker]])
* [[Rembrandt]] ([[Beebugsoft]]) (1986)
* [[ScreenFormatConvert]]
* [[SpriteGet]]
* [[SymPlay]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[SymSee]] ([[Prodatron]])

== Music software ==

* [[AdvancedMusicCreator]] ([[Exodus]]) (1996)
* [[The Music System|The Advanced Music System]] ([[Rainbird (software house)|Rainbird]]) (1987)
* [[BooTracker]] ([[Future Publishing]])
* [[ChaRleyTraCker]] ([[ChaRleyTroniC]])
* [[Digitracker]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[Echosoft]] (ESAT Software)
* [[Equinoxe]] ([[Poum]])
* [[The Music System]] ([[Rainbird (software house)|Rainbird]]) (1986)
* [[NoiseTracker]] ([[MTI]])
* [[Protracker]] ([[Crown]])
* [[Soundtrakker]] ([[New Age Software]])
* [[Soundtrakker 128]] ([[New Age Software]])
* [[STarKos]] ([[Arkos]])
* [[SymAmp]] ([[Prodatron]])

== System ==

=== Disc operating systems ===

* [[400K/S]] ([[SD Microsystems]])
* [[AMSDOS]] ([[Amstrad]])
* [[AMSDOS#BASDOS|BASDOS]]
* [[MS800]] ([[Microstyle]])
* [[ParaDOS]] ([[Quantum Computing]])
* [[RODOS]] ([[Romantic Robot]])
* [[ROMDOS]] and [[RAMDOS]] ([[KDS]]/[[Siren Software]])
* [[S-DOS]] ([[STS]])
* [[Vortex Computersysteme|VDOS]] ([[Vortex Computersysteme]])

=== Graphical user interfaces / Shells ===

* [[CEUS Desktop 2.0]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[Desk-Royal]] ([[Crusader Software]])
* [[Desktop]] ([[DW Software]])
* [[Desktop Environment System|DES]] (Desktop Environment System) ([[Campursoft]])
* [[FutureOS]] ([[TFM]] / [[FutureSoft]])
* [[GENO]] ([[GHE]])
* [[Mouse Operating System (M.O.S.)]] ([[Star-Division]]) (1987)
* [[Si-Bof]] (1992)
* [[Stream2]] ([[Advanced Software Project]])
* [[SymbOS]] ([[Prodatron]] / [[SymbiosiS]])

=== Filesystem Utilities ===

* [[Cataclysme]] ([[GPA]])
* [[COPY]] (Antoine)
* [[CopyLuck]] (CBl)
* [[Crime]] ([[Crown]])
* [[DirDoktor]] (GPA)
* [[Discology]] (Méridien lnformatique) (1986)
* [[DiscOMagic]] ([[Joker]])
* [[DiskDeDumper]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[DiskDoktor]] (GPA)
* [[DOS Copy]] ([[Face Hugger]])
* [[JL-Copier]] ([[JLCS]])
* [[LameCopy]] (GPA)
* [[MagicDOS]] ([[Longshot]])
* [[MarkError]] (GPA)
* [[MultiMark]] (GPA)
* [[Oddjob]]
* [[ReadDSK]], [[WriteDSK]] ([[Targhan]])
* [[SpeedFormat]]
* [[SymCommander]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[Xexor]] ([[Executioner]])

=== Operating Systems ===

* [[CP/M]]
* [[FutureOS]]
* [[CP/M#MicroDOS|MicroDOS]]
* [[SymbOS]]
* [[Contiki]]

== Word processing ==

* [[Brunword]] ([[Brunning]])
* [[ConText CPC]] (Matthias Uphoff / [[DMV]]) (1986)
* [[CPC Word]] ([[Prodatron]])
* [[Protext]] ([[Arnor]])
* [[Proword]] ([[Arnor]])
* [[Star-Writer]] ([[Star-Division]]) (1985)
* [[Tasword]] ([[Tasman]]) (1984)
* [[WordStar]] ([[MicroPro]])

== Database ==

* [[dBASE|dBASE II]] ([[Ashton Tate]])
* [[Turbo-DATA-CPC]] ([[DMV]])

== Game creators ==
* [[Adlan]] (Richard Brooksby)
* [[The Graphic Adventure Creator]] (Incentive)
* [[The Quill]] (Gilsoft)
* [[Pandora]] (Swift Software)
* [[PJA]] (Ludovic Deplanque)
* [[ZACK]]
* [[Sprites Alive]] (Glenco)

Talk:Peripherals

2006-08-31T15:29:27Z

85.218.166.50:

As I'm humble CPC Wiki contributor and don't won't to mess with Gryzors and Prodatrons good work, I won't do it myself without permission(It's not mine to decide), but If I can make a suggestion, then, as the commercial section grows bigger and bigger,it should be splited in subsections like: 
Memory expansions 
(list of memory expansions goes here - dk'tronics', inicrons', CPC4MB and so on) 
Monitors 
(list of monitors, modulators, SCART cables and other graphic output solutions goes here) 
Disc Drives 
(Amstrads FD-1, Vortex drives and so on) 
Pointing devices 
(mouses and lightpens goes here) 
And so on like this... 
The only problem, is what to do with 'multifunction' peripherals like (i.e.) Symbiface. Those, can either be listed in couple subsections or there should be 'special' multifunction subsection for those devices.--[[User:Torn|Torn]] 16:53, 31 August 2006 (CEST)

: Good idea with adding catagorys for every type of device! ... I have had the same thoughts!
: Why not have both.. What we have now and a catagory list! --[[User:CPCLER|CPCLER]] 16:56, 31 August 2006 (CEST)

:: Yes, that would be really helpfull. I am not the expert for all the peripherals like CPCLER or Spacerat, I will just make a first step. -- [[User:Prodatron|Prodatron]] 17:01, 31 August 2006 (CEST)

::: Mirage Imager and The Multiface should go in the same catagory... As they are both actually Hacking Devices (in the absence of a better name) and there exists others as well!! --[[User:85.218.166.50|85.218.166.50]] 17:29, 31 August 2006 (CEST)

Frank Strauss Elektronik

2006-08-30T17:40:46Z

85.218.166.50:

A German company that sold equipment for the CPC

== 5 1/4" Drive ==

Just a nice 5 1/4" drive in a very sturdy metal caseing!
A nice feature was the page switch on the front, so you didnt have to turn the disc!

To get more info on connecting external disc drives go [[3 1/2" & 5 1/4" Disk Drives|here]]

<gallery caption="Frank Strauss Drive">
Image:frank strauss 1.JPG|The 5 1/4" drive
Image:frank strauss 2.JPG|Label
Image:frank strauss 3.JPG|Front, switch missing
</gallery>

Amstrad SSA-1 Speech Synthesizer

2006-08-30T17:37:15Z

85.218.166.50:

[[Image:Amstrad ssa1 1.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The Amstrad SSA1]]

A Speech Synthesizer from [[Amstrad]] based on the SPO256 Speech Synthesizer

== Technical Specs. ==

== Pictures ==

== Weblinks ==

== Manual ==

3D Construction Kit

2006-08-30T16:41:21Z

85.218.166.50:

== Manual ==

Vortex Disc Drives

2006-08-30T16:38:54Z

85.218.166.50:

Peripherals

2006-08-29T00:14:10Z

85.218.166.50: /* Commercial */

''Please try to keep things in alphabetical order.''

== Commercial ==
* [[Advanced Memory Systems]] AMX Mouse
* Amstrad CTM 640 Color Monitor
* Amstrad CTM 644 Color Monitor
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad DDI-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad DMP1 printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2000 Printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2100 Printer
* Amstrad DMP2160 printer
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad FD-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad JY1/JY2 joysticks
* Amstrad LP-1 light pen
* Amstrad Magnum Phaser
* Amstrad [[MP-1]] TV adapter/power supply
* Amstrad [[MP-2]] TV adapter/power supply
* Amstrad [[MP-3]] TV modulator for CTM 64x
* Amstrad [[SSA-1]] Speech Synthesizer
* Amstrad [[TC-1]] Radio/Alarm-Clock
* ARA digitizer
* [[ASS]] Light-Pen
* ASS Reis-Mouse
* Centaure mouse
* Commstart v21/23 modem
* [[CPC Booster|CPC Booster/CPC Booster+]]
* [[Dart]]-Scanner for DMP-Printers
* Digitelec DTL 2000/2100 Modem
* Digivox sampler
* [[dk'tronics]] Speech Synthesizer
* dk'tronics 64kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 128kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 256kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics Utopia OS
* dk'tronics Lightpen
* dk'tronics Real Time Clock
* dk'tronics Mouse Interface
* Dobbertin EPROM Box
* Dobbertin Real Time Clock
* Dobbertin ROM blower
* [[Dobbertin]] HD20 Hard Disk
* [[EMR MIDI Interface]]
* Fischertechnik robot
* FO-Dos card
* [[Gerdes]] Mouse
* Grafpad II
* Graphiscop II
* Gunstick
* Inicron RAM-Box
* Inicron ROM-RAM-Box
* JASMIN AM5D 5"1/4 floppy drive
* Kersten PC Emulator
* Loriciel Phaser (West Phaser)
* Loritel
* Micro Power ROM Box
* Mirage Imager
* [[Music Machine]]
* [[Romantic Robot]] [[Multiface II]]
* [[Rombo Rombox]]
* Siren Software Hacker
* [[SYMBiFACE II]]
* TechniMusique speech synthetizer
* TransTape
* TMPI speech synthetizer
* VIDI digitizer
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#SP|Vortex SP 64 - SP 512]] RAM expansion
* Vortex Winchester Drive
* X-ROM ROM expansion and ROM burner

== Non-commercial ==
* [[Atari-ST mouse adapter]]
* [[Digiblaster]]
* [[Real Time Clock]] (DIY)
* [[CPCI RS232 Interface]] (DIY)
* [[AMSSIO]] (RS232 interface) (DIY)
* 64 Kb Printer Buffer (DIY)
* Wireless mouse (DIY)
* Robot (DIY)
* CPCISA
* HDCPC

Amstrad computing

2006-08-25T20:16:41Z

85.218.166.50: /* Amstrad Computing */

[[Image:Amstrad computing frontpage.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Frontpage]]

A introduction to the Amstrad CPC464

Author: Ian Sinclair

1984

208 pages

ISBN: '''0 00 383120 5'''

== Contents ==

<pre>
Preface
1. Setting up the CPC464
2. Putting It All On The Screen
3. A Few Variations
4. Repeating Yourself
5. String and Other Things
6. Menus, Subroutines and Programs
7. Cassette Data Filing
8. Windows and Other Effects
9. Starting Graphics
10. Guide to Greater Graphics
11. Sounding Out the CPC464
Appendix A: Editing
Appendix B: Printing
Appendix C: KEY Antics
Appendix D: Error Trapping
Index
</pre>

SDCC

2006-08-22T22:24:32Z

85.218.166.50: /* SDCC */

Text copied from the official SDCC site

== What is SDCC? ==

SDCC is a Freeware, retargettable, optimizing ANSI - [[C]] compiler that targets the Intel 8051, Maxim 80DS390, Zilog [[Z80]] and the Motorola 68HC08 based MCUs. Work is in progress on supporting the Microchip PIC16 and PIC18 series. The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL.

Some of the features include:

* ASXXXX and ASLINK, a Freeware, retargettable assembler and linker.
* extensive MCU specific language extensions, allowing effective use of the underlying hardware.
* a host of standard optimizations such as global sub expression elimination, loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables and loop reversing ), constant folding and propagation, copy propagation, dead code elimination and jump tables for 'switch' statements.
* MCU specific optimisations, including a global register allocator.
* adaptable MCU specific backend that should be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs
* independent rule based peep hole optimizer.
* a full range of data types: char (8 bits, 1 byte), short (16 bits, 2 bytes), int (16 bits, 2 bytes), long (32 bit, 4 bytes) and float (4 byte IEEE).
* the ability to add inline assembler code anywhere in a function.
* the ability to report on the complexity of a function to help decide what should be re-written in assembler.
* a good selection of automated regression tests.

== Using SDCC and CPC ==

== Projects with SDCC related to CPC ==

[[Contiki]]

== Weblinks ==

[http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/ Official SDCC site]

Peripherals

2006-08-21T21:41:18Z

85.218.166.50: /* Commercial */

''Please try to keep things in alphabetical order.''

== Commercial ==
* [[Advanced Memory Systems]] AMX Mouse
* Amstrad CTM 640 Color Monitor
* Amstrad CTM 644 Color Monitor
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad DDI-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad DMP1 printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2000 Printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2100 Printer
* Amstrad DMP2160 printer
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad FD-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad JY1/JY2 joysticks
* Amstrad LP-1 light pen
* Amstrad Magnum Phaser
* Amstrad [[MP-1]] TV adapter
* Amstrad [[MP-2]] Radio/Alarm-Clock
* Amstrad [[MP-3]] TV modulator for CTM 64x
* Amstrad [[SSA-1]] Speech Synthesizer
* ARA digitizer
* [[ASS]] Light-Pen
* ASS Reis-Mouse
* Centaure mouse
* Commstart v21/23 modem
* [[CPC Booster|CPC Booster/CPC Booster+]]
* [[Dart]]-Scanner for DMP-Printers
* Digitelec DTL 2000/2100 Modem
* Digivox sampler
* [[dk'tronics]] Speech Synthesizer
* dk'tronics 64kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 128kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 256kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics Utopia OS
* dk'tronics Lightpen
* dk'tronics Real Time Clock
* Dobbertin EPROM Box
* Dobbertin Real Time Clock
* Dobbertin ROM blower
* [[Dobbertin]] HD20 Hard Disk
* Fischertechnik robot
* FO-Dos card
* [[Gerdes]] Mouse
* Grafpad II
* Graphiscop II
* Gunstick
* Inicron RAM-Box
* Inicron ROM-RAM-Box
* JASMIN AM5D 5"1/4 floppy drive
* Kersten PC Emulator
* Loriciel Phaser (West Phaser)
* Loritel
* Micro Power ROM Box
* Mirage Imager
* [[Music Machine]]
* [[Romantic Robot]] [[Multiface II]]
* [[Rombo Rombox]]
* Siren Software Hacker
* [[SYMBiFACE II]]
* TechniMusique speech synthetizer
* TransTape
* TMPI speech synthetizer
* VIDI digitizer
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#SP|Vortex SP 64 - SP 512]] RAM expansion
* Vortex Winchester Drive
* X-ROM ROM expansion and ROM burner

== Non-commercial ==
* [[Atari-ST mouse adapter]]
* [[Digiblaster]]
* [[Real Time Clock]] (DIY)
* [[CPCI RS232 Interface]] (DIY)
* [[AMSSIO]] (RS232 interface) (DIY)
* 64 Kb Printer Buffer (DIY)
* Wireless mouse (DIY)
* Robot (DIY)
* CPCISA
* HDCPC

Peripherals

2006-08-21T21:40:02Z

85.218.166.50: /* Non-commercial */

''Please try to keep things in alphabetical order.''

== Commercial ==
* [[Advanced Memory Systems]] AMX Mouse
* Amstrad CTM 640 Color Monitor
* Amstrad CTM 644 Color Monitor
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad DDI-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad DMP1 printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2000 Printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2100 Printer
* Amstrad DMP2160 printer
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad FD-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad JY1/JY2 joysticks
* Amstrad LP-1 light pen
* Amstrad Magnum Phaser
* Amstrad [[MP-1]] TV adapter
* Amstrad [[MP-2]] Radio/Alarm-Clock
* Amstrad [[MP-3]] TV modulator for CTM 64x
* Amstrad [[SSA-1]] Speech Synthesizer
* ARA digitizer
* [[ASS]] Light-Pen
* ASS Reis-Mouse
* Centaure mouse
* Commstart v21/23 modem
* [[CPC Booster|CPC Booster/CPC Booster+]]
* [[Dart]]-Scanner for DMP-Printers
* Digitelec DTL 2000/2100 Modem
* Digivox sampler
* [[dk'tronics]] Speech Synthesizer
* dk'tronics 64kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 128kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 256kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics Utopia OS
* dk'tronics Lightpen
* dk'tronics Real Time Clock
* Dobbertin EPROM Box
* Dobbertin Real Time Clock
* [[Dobbertin]] HD20 Hard Disk
* Fischertechnik robot
* FO-Dos card
* [[Gerdes]] Mouse
* Grafpad II
* Graphiscop II
* Gunstick
* Inicron RAM-Box
* Inicron ROM-RAM-Box
* JASMIN AM5D 5"1/4 floppy drive
* Kersten PC Emulator
* Loriciel Phaser (West Phaser)
* Loritel
* Micro Power ROM Box
* Mirage Imager
* [[Music Machine]]
* [[Romantic Robot]] [[Multiface II]]
* [[Rombo Rombox]]
* Siren Software Hacker
* [[SYMBiFACE II]]
* TechniMusique speech synthetizer
* TransTape
* TMPI speech synthetizer
* VIDI digitizer
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#SP|Vortex SP 64 - SP 512]] RAM expansion
* X-ROM ROM expansion and ROM burner

== Non-commercial ==
* [[Atari-ST mouse adapter]]
* [[Digiblaster]]
* [[Real Time Clock]] (DIY)
* [[CPCI RS232 Interface]] (DIY)
* [[AMSSIO]] (RS232 interface) (DIY)
* 64 Kb Printer Buffer (DIY)
* Wireless mouse (DIY)
* Robot (DIY)
* CPCISA
* HDCPC

Amtix

2006-08-21T13:55:29Z

85.218.166.50: /* amtix */

[[Image:amtix.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Issue Zero Frontpage]]

English magazine that ran from October 1985 to April 1987.

19 issues was published in total.

A special issue (Issue zero) was given away free.

CPCI RS232 Interface

2006-08-20T10:39:10Z

85.218.166.50: /* rs232 */

This [[RS232]] interface was published as a DIY project in a special edition of the the German
magazine: CPC Schneider International(Sonderheft, #3-1986)

As the standard CPC series does not include a RS232, this interface was very handy in order to communicate with other computers(eg. IBM PCs)

== Technical specs ==

Based around: MC6850, and MAX232
Ports used: F8DC - Control register, F8DD - Data register.

== How to build a RS232 interface ==

<gallery caption="RS232">
Image:rs232_s1.jpg|page 1
Image:rs232_s2.jpg|page 2
Image:rs232_s3.jpg|Page 3
Image:rs232_s4.jpg|Page 4
</gallery>

Peripherals

2006-08-19T21:54:05Z

85.218.166.50: /* Commercial */

''Please try to keep things in alphabetical order.''

== Commercial ==
* [[Advanced Memory Systems]] AMX Mouse
* Amstrad CTM 640 Color Monitor
* Amstrad CTM 644 Color Monitor
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad DDI-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad DMP1 printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2000 Printer
* Amstrad/Schneider DMP2100 Printer
* Amstrad DMP2160 printer
* [[Amstrad Disk Drive|Amstrad FD-1 Disk Drive]]
* Amstrad JY1/JY2 joysticks
* Amstrad LP-1 light pen
* Amstrad Magnum Phaser
* Amstrad [[MP-1]] TV adapter
* Amstrad [[MP-2]] Radio/Alarm-Clock
* Amstrad [[MP-3]] TV modulator for CTM 64x
* Amstrad [[SSA-1]] Speech Synthesizer
* ARA digitizer
* [[ASS]] Light-Pen
* ASS Reis-Mouse
* Centaure mouse
* Commstart v21/23 modem
* [[CPC Booster|CPC Booster/CPC Booster+]]
* [[Dart]]-Scanner for DMP-Printers
* Digitelec DTL 2000/2100 Modem
* Digivox sampler
* [[dk'tronics]] Speech Synthesizer
* dk'tronics 64kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 128kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics 256kB memory expansion
* dk'tronics Utopia OS
* dk'tronics Lightpen
* Dobbertin EPROM Box
* [[Dobbertin]] HD20 Hard Disk
* Fischertechnik robot
* FO-Dos card
* [[Gerdes]] Mouse
* Grafpad II
* Graphiscop II
* Gunstick
* Inicron RAM-Box
* Inicron ROM-RAM-Box
* JASMIN AM5D 5"1/4 floppy drive
* Kersten PC Emulator
* Loriciel Phaser (West Phaser)
* Loritel
* Micro Power ROM Box
* Mirage Imager
* [[Music Machine]]
* [[Romantic Robot]] [[Multiface II]]
* [[Rombo Rombox]]
* Siren Software Hacker
* [[SYMBiFACE II]]
* TechniMusique speech synthetizer
* TransTape
* TMPI speech synthetizer
* VIDI digitizer
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#F1|Vortex F1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/D]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/S]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1-X(RS)]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#M1|Vortex M1/Z]]
* [[Vortex Computersysteme#SP|Vortex SP 64 - SP 512]] RAM expansion
* X-ROM ROM expansion and ROM burner

== Non-commercial ==
* [[Digiblaster]]